The Astronomical vs. Meteorological Seasons

The Astronomical vs. Meteorological Seasons If someone asked you when each of the seasons occurs, how would you respond?  Your answer may depend on whether you think of the seasons  in a more traditional, or  a more weather-related way. Astronomical Seasons Change at the Equinoxes and Solstices The astronomical seasons are the ones most of us are familiar with because  their  start dates are  listed on our calendars. Theyre called astronomical because, like our calendar, the  dates of their occurrence are based on the position of Earth in relation to the sun. In the Northern Hemisphere: Astronomical winter is a result of Earths north pole being tilted its farthest away from the sun,  and the suns light aiming directly at southern latitudes. It begins on December 21-22.  Astronomical spring is a result of Earths north pole tilt moving from its maximum lean  away from the sun to one equidistant from the sun,  and of the suns light aiming directly at the equator. It begins on March 21-22.  Astronomical summer is a result of Earth being tilted its farthest towards  the sun, and the suns light aiming directly at north latitudes. It begins on June 20-21.Astronomical fall is a result of Earths tilt moving from its maximum lean  towards the sun to one  equidistant from the sun,  and of the suns light  aiming directly at the equator. It begins on September 21-22. Meteorological Seasons Change Every 3 Months Another  way to define  the seasons is by grouping the twelve calendar months into four 3-month periods based on  similar temperatures. In the Northern Hemisphere: Meteorological winter  begins on December 1. It includes the months of  December, January, and February (DJF)Meteorological spring  begins on March 1 and includes the months of  March, April, and May  (MAM).Meteorological summer  begins on June 1. It includes the months of  June, July, and August (JJA).Meteorological fall  begins on September 1 and includes the months of  September, October, and November (SON). Meteorologists didnt implement this classification just for the heck of it. Rather, they prefer to deal with data from whole rather than fractions of months, and align calendar dates more closely with the temperatures felt during that period, the scheme (which has been around since the early- to mid-1900s) allows weather scientists  to more easily compare weather patterns from one season to another something the astronomical convention makes cumbersome due to seasonal lag (the delay in seasonal temperatures settling in). Which Set of Seasons Wins Out? The astronomical seasons are the more traditional way of defining our four seasons. Although folks may not be used to the meteorological way, in a lot of ways its the more natural scheme for how we live our lives today. Gone are the days when we pore over the happenings of the celestial heavens and organize our lives accordingly. But organizing our lives around months and similar stretches of temperatures is more true to our modern reality.

Dorothy Height Quotations

Dorothy Height Quotations Dorothy Height, a key figure in the American civil rights movement, worked for many years for the YWCA, and also headed the National Council of Negro Women for more than 50 years. Selected Dorothy Height Quotations If you worry about who is going to get credit, you dont get much work done. Greatness is not measured by what a man or woman accomplishes, but by the opposition, he or she has overcome to reach his goals. I was inspired by Mary McLeod Bethune, not only to be concerned but to use whatever talent I had to be of some service in the community. As I reflect on the hope and challenges facing women in the 21st century, I am also reminded of the protracted struggles of African-American women who joined together as SISTERS in 1935 in response to Mrs. Bethunes call. It was an opportunity to deal creatively with the fact that Black women stood outside of Americas mainstream of opportunity, influence, and power. I want to be remembered as someone who used herself and anything she could touch to work for justice and freedom.... I want to be remembered as one who tried. A Negro woman has the same kind of problems as other women, but she cant take the same things for granted. As more women enter public life, I see developing a more humane society. The growth and development of children no longer will depend solely upon the status of their parents. Once again, the community as the extended family will rekindle its caring and nurturing. Though children cannot vote, their interests will be placed high on the political agenda. For they are indeed the future. 1989, about using the term black or African-American: As we move ahead into the 21st century and look at a unified way of fully identifying with our heritage, our present, and our future, our use of African-American is not a matter of putting down one to pick up the other. It is a recognition that weve always been African and American, but we are now going to address ourselves in those terms and make a unified effort to identify with our African brothers and sisters and with our own heritage. African-American has the potential of helping us to rally. But unless we identify with the full meaning, the term wont make a difference. It becomes merely a label. When we started using the term Black, it was more than a color. It came at a time when our young people in marches and sit-ins made the cry Black Power. It represented the Black experience in the United States and the Black experience of those throughout the world who were oppressed. We are at a different point now. The struggle continues, but its more subtle. Therefore, we need, in the strongest ways we can, to show our unity as a people and not just as a people of color. It was not easy for those of us who had become symbols of the struggle for equality to see our children raising their fists in defiant contradiction of all we had fought for. No one will do for you what you need to do for yourself. We cannot afford to be separate. We have to see that all of us are in the same boat. But were all in the same boat now, and weve got to learn to work together. We are not a problem people; we are a people with problems. We have historic strengths; we have survived because of family. We have to improve life, not just for those who have the most skills and those who know how to manipulate the system. But also for and with those who often have so much to give but never get the opportunity. Without community service, we would not have a strong quality of life. Its important to the person who serves as well as the recipient. Its the way in which we ourselves grow and develop. Weve got to work to save our children and do it with full respect for the fact that if we do not, no one else is going to do it. There is no contradiction between effective law enforcement and respect for civil and human rights. Dr. King did not stir us to move for our civil rights to have them taken away in these kinds of fashions. The Black family of the future will foster our liberation, enhance our self-esteem, and shape our ideas and goals. I believe we hold in our hands the power once again to shape not only our own but the nations future a future that is based on developing an agenda that radically challenges limitations in our economic development, educational achievement, and political empowerment. Undoubtedly, African-Americans will have an integral role to play, although our path ahead will continue to be complex and difficult. As we move forward, let us also look back. So long as we remember those who died for our right to vote and those like John H. Johnson who built empires where there were none, we will walk into the future with unity and strength. More About Dorothy Height Dorothy Height BiographyWomen and the Civil Rights MovementMary McLeod Bethune About These Quotes Quote collection assembled by Jone Johnson Lewis. Each quotation page in this collection and the entire collection  © Jone Johnson Lewis. This is an informal collection assembled over many years. I regret that I am not able to provide the original source if it is not listed with the quote. Citation information:Jone Johnson Lewis. Dorothy Height Quotes. About Womens History. URL: http://womenshistory.about.com/od/quotes/a/dorothy_height.htm.

The Economic Factors that Help Explainining the Expansion of Low-Cost Research Paper

The Economic Factors that Help Explainining the Expansion of Low-Cost Airline Carriers - Research Paper Example Accessibility of alternative modes of transport that are rationally close substitutes for air transportation diminishes with distance travelled. Globalization and free movement of merchandise and people between and within regions have a positive effect on air travel demand. Business travel market consists of time sensitive passengers; therefore, these customers are price inelastic in terms of fares. If the airline firm offers high quality service to this market segment, such as frequent and reliable frights, flexibility, comfortable seats, and excellent, frequent flyer programme rewards, business class customers will be willing to pay high prices (Junwook, 2011). However, with the introduction of low cost airlines the price elasticity of this business class market has changed and they display price elasticity. In previous years, airline industry relied heavily on business travel market as a major source of profit, however, this trend has changed, and the industry has noted that a hig her percentage of passengers considers price over service. Business class customers are willing to give up luxuries, food quality, flexibility or choice in return to lower prices. According to Rosario & Eddy, 2010, the economy travel market is largely determined by the costs being charged by the airlines; they are price sensitive. The first class air travel market does not generate much profit to the airline industry, as a result, many airlines are moving from three to a two-class cabin. The levels of consumer income influence the passenger’s choice of the air travel class; the choice of consumers with high levels of income will differ with those of consumers with low levels of income (Bijan, & Tom, 2008). The demand for leisure travel is influenced by the number of independent holidays and short term breaks; in this market passengers book flights, accommodation and car by themselves. According to Airport International, the changes in demand of leisure travel indicate that cu stomers are expecting and preferring low fares. Low fares in this market segment are the main stimulus for growth in luxury travel, and passengers are willing to change destination for fabulous deals. According to Susan, 2009, the prices of air tickets are largely influenced by the fuel prices, the exchange rates, and the costs of financing airline projects. High costs of financing, unstable exchange rates, and high fuel prices lead to high air fares. Other natural calamities, such tsunami and earthquakes among others results to decline in tourism and business travels thereby, affecting the air travel demand in the affected areas (Roger, 2008). The following diagrams and tables show the effects of fuel prices on operating costs of the airline industry. Prices of air tickets are determined by the price of fuel; fuel price is influenced by the prevailing economic conditions such as the exchange rates. Industry Fuel Costs and Net Profits. Source: Industry Financial Forecast Table (IATA Economics). Fuel Impact on Operating Costs Year % of Operating Costs Average Price per Barrel of Crude Break-even Price per Barrel Total Fuel Cost 2003 14% $28.8 $23.4 $44 billion 2004 17% $38.3 $34.5 $65 billion 2005 22% $54.5 $51.8 $91 billion 2006 26% $65.1 $68.3 $117 billion 2007 28% $73.0 $82.2 $135 billion 2008 33% $99.0 $88.9 $189 billion 2009 26% $62.0 $55.4 $125 billion 2010 26% $79.4 $91.0

Susan Griffin and her Our Secret Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Susan Griffin and her Our Secret - Essay Example Susan Griffin and her "Our Secret" In the process of writing Our Secret Susan Griffin mixes two different styles. Thus, she resorts to the use of academic and personal writing. All her personal writing is combined with the insertions of scientific information. In fact, the beginning of Our Secret puzzles the readers with unexpected data about the nucleus of the cell: â€Å"The nucleus of the cell derives its name from the Latin nux, meaning nut. Like the stone in a cherry, it is found in the center of the cell, and like this stone, keeps its precious kernel in a shell† (Griffin 335). This information in the beginning of the writing seems to have no sense at first sight; it seems to have no connection with secrets. However, it is not so. The author just uses this phrase to start her research. She does not refer to the writers who give only perfunctory information. Susan Griffin is eager to find out the root of all secrets in her story. That is why she needs to conduct a research and think over the things that ha ve never been considered by other authors. Sometimes it may seem that Susan Griffin uses scientific information in order to compare it to the fates of her characters. That is why she assembles fragments juxtaposes seemingly unrelated material in surprising and suggestive relationships. Each page of Our Secret is broken into italicized inter-sections. In fact, Susan griffin’s prose is applied in order to create a ‘field’ for the bodies set in it. This author seems to create the story under consideration in order to investigate the issues that have interested her. Thus, Griffin’s writing is something like the result of hard intellectual work. It is impossible to conduct a research without the use of certain research methods. What research methods were applied by Susan Griffin, then? Of course, it is observation, comparison and data analysis. In the process of writing the author watches the fates of several characters of Our Secret. They are the following ones: Heinrich, Leo and Laura. All these three characters are unhappy. After observation the author makes an attempt to find out the reason for their misfortune. That is why she looks for facts that may help her by means of science. Sometimes the readers may come across rather odd comparisons. For instance, Griffin tries to find connections between humans to rockets and nucleus cells. The analysis of the data received by Susan Griffin gives her an opportunity to draw certain conclusions; she gets the findings of her thorough research. It turns out that human fate is closely connected with the seed sowed into it. One’s feature is frequently defined by his/her childhood. It is necessary to stress that the characters introduced to the reader had unhappy childhood that influenced their life greatly. Leo and Heinrich’s upbringing are the brightest examples to support this argument. Thus, it is known that Heinrich was deprived of his own childhood too early. This boy became an adult when he was only ten. Then period of c hildish joy was substituted by responsibility and seriousness. He could not enjoy his youth and carelessness just like all other boys did. The only thing he should have done was to obey his father and snitch on all his classmates. This was a

Characters that Most Influenced Inman in Cold Mountain Essay -- essays

The novel Cold Mountain is about two peoples’ independent journeys through different struggles and situations at the same time. One of these people is Inman, an injured soldier who is trying to find his way home after deserting from the fighting. He meets a lot of strange people along the way. Some of them help and some of them hinder. However, they all teach him something about himself, or something that he can relate to himself. There are some characters that are more significant in this respect than others and they have more of an actual influence on Inman’s journey. One of these characters is Veasey, the preacher. Inman meets him when he catches the preacher trying to throw a drugged, pregnant girl into the ‘Deep River’. Inman saves the girl from Veasey and leaves him to face his punishment. Later on in the story, Veasey returns with â€Å"his face†¦cut and marked by bruises†. Veasey is a general negative influence on Inman’s odyssey. He uses religion to justify his immoral acts and symbolises false faith and unrestrained selfishness. He is, however, company for Inman, even though Inman does not want it. They travel together and find a â€Å"grim roadside inn†. It is here that we see Veasey as being a danger to Inman. Veasey meets a prostitute called Big Tildy and makes a deal. Here, he picks a fight with a drunken, armed man who tries to take Big Tildy elsewhere. The two men draw their pistols at each other, but Tildy takes Veasey’s from him. Veasey wants to continue with the fight. Inman steps in a nd the drunken man goes away. â€Å"You’re set on getting us both killed.† Inman realises that Veasey is a danger and tries to leave him behind when he leaves, the next day. Veasey however, catches up to him again. Together they both meet Jun... ...s ironic because all throughout the novel we have heard stories of Inman’s terrible ordeals in the war. Inman’s journey has been both negatively affected (Veasey) and positively affected (Sara). In my opinion, for all of the bad things that happen to Inman, something good happens. The best example of this is Veasey. Inman puts up with Veasey and his annoying habits for so long, and he saves his life in the end. Therefore, even the negative influences that Inman experiences on his odyssey, result in a positive outcome. Inman learns a lot from the people that he meets on his odyssey. Some affect his journey and some do not. There are characters that have not been mentioned because they are not as influential as the ones that have been. Characters like the gypsies, who show Inman that stereotypes cannot always be trusted, do not help him on his psychological journey.

‘Bright and Morning Star’ Richard Wright Essay

The aim of this essay is to discuss the decision that the protagonist from Richard Wright’s ‘Bright and Morning star’, Aunt Sue, a black mother of two sons, has to make in order to chose between her sons’ life and the safety of the Communist members from her community. This story is, among others written by Richard Wright, a ‘dark portrayal of black Communist life’ and it analyses the inner struggle of Aunt Sue as a black woman and ‘mother of Communists’ (1). Wright’s short story follows the dilemma that Sue has to confront with herself during one rainy night, as a mother of Communist sons who were chased by the authorities. Her dilemma starts to grow from the beginning of the story, when she finds out that her son’s communist party was in danger to be discovered by the authorities: ’The sheriff wuz by our house tonight[†¦] He done got word from somewheres bout tha meetin tomorrow’(Wright 412). From that moment she was subjected to two different emotions, the fear that she might lose her son and the duty to the community to save the members of the party that her son had:’ She was feeling that Johnny-Boy was already lost to her; she was feeling the pain that would come when she knew it for certain, and she was feeling that she would have to be brave and bear it’, ‘[†¦] for her to try to stop Johnny-Boy was to admit that all the toil of years meant nothing; and to let him go meant that sometime or other he would be caught. In facing it this way she felt a little stunned, as though she had come suddenly upon a blank wall in the dark.’(Wright 412-413) In spite of Wright’s joining to Communism: ‘â€Å"I Tried to be a Communist’, and of his numerous writings about it, eventually his focus grew more on the development of an individual black consciousness than on advancing the causes of the Communist party as in the case of his t wo stories ‘Fire and Cloud’ and ‘Bright and Morning star’(2). From the beginning of the story we can see Sue divided in two inner parts: a part of her still remembering her past beliefs, in Christianity and Jesus, and a new part of her revealed from the moment of her joining her sons’ beliefs in Communism in order to escape of the past sufferings of the black people. In her search for better, as we can see trough the story, she try to find a refuge first in religion, then in Communism, but when she feels that neither  the Communism is enough to achieve a better living, her last hope is in her pride of the black people: ‘She was consumed with a bitter pride. There was nothing on this earth, she felt then, that they could not do to her but that she could take’ (Wright 422) Also we can see Sue taking two different attitudes along the story. If in the first instance we can see Sue as a regular mother concerned for her family and her love for her son, Johnny-Boy: ‘But how she could forget Johnny-Boy out there on those wet fields rounding up white and black Communists for a meeting tomorrow?’ (Wright 408), also we can see that her doubts about her son’s business among the Communist group of her community made her look in a sort skeptical at the policy of allowing people enter the group and at the new white members she didn’t trust: ‘It wuznt nona our folks . . . Ah knows em all from way back. There ain none of em that coulda! . . . Son, it wuz some of them white folks! (Wright 417), and she is first portrayed as a regular woman who knows her place in the house: ’While shoving the iron a cluster of toiling days returned; days of washing and ironing to feed Johnny-Boy and Sug [†¦] days of carrying a hundred punds of white folks’ clothes upon her head [†¦]’(Wright 409). Her image along with her beliefs changed as the events from that night continued. Her black pride and her commitment to the group emerged when she was brutally questioned about her son and the members from Johnny-Boy’s Communist group, succeeding to resist to their attack on her: ‘yuh didn‟t git whut yuh wanted! N yuh ain gonna nevah git it!’(Wright 423). Though, further in the night, because of weak position she was put into by the beatings of the sheriff and because of the false news that her son was killed, her self-confident fell and she was tricked to say the names of the members. The moment she decides to rectify her mistake is the moment she realizes that she has to fight alone for her cause and to rescue the other members and she ‘would do anything for her sons – except betray others’ (Felgar 29). Also the moment she lost her last faith – her pride- revealing the names of the members is also the moment she decides to put the good of her people, her friends, above her son and her fears. Thus the only way to take it back was by shooting the boy Booker before he could tell the names:’ The sheet! Thas it, the sheet! Her whole being leaped with will; the long years of her life bent toward a moment of focus a point. Ah kin go wid mah sheet! Ahll be doin what he said! Lawd Gawd in Heaven, Ahma go like a nigger  woman wid mah windin sheet and git mah dead son!’(Wright 433). And although she is subjected to the great martyrdom a mother could endure: her son being tortured and killed in front of her, she maintain her strengt h to accomplish her mission: â€Å"She fired, once; then, without pausing, she turned, hearing them yell. She aimed at Johnny-Boy, but they had their arms around her[†¦] She glimpsed Booker lying sprawled in the mud, on his face [†¦] And she was suddenly at peace; they were not a white mountain now; they were not pushing her any longer to the edge of life. Its awright†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Wright 440 ) Main features of the protagonist are coming out in this part of the story: cleverness, the strength of sacrificing her maternal love and her son for the community cause. She becomes thus the strong, self-confident woman, in order to fix her mistakes and takes the faith of her and her son’s life in her hands and she goes to confront the ‘enemy’ by herself. Because of the wisdom of the past generations she possessed, she succeeds to accomplish her well developed plan: she goes to the enemy camp by herself with a gun hidden in a white sheet in order to shoot the traitor of her friends:’ The sheet! Thas it, the sheet! Her whole being leaped with will; the long years of her life bent toward a moment of focus a point. Ah kin go wid mah sheet! Ahll be doin what he said! Lawd Gawd in Heaven, Ahma go like a nigger woman wid mah windin sheet and git mah dead son!’(Wright 433). In conclusion, the struggle the protagonist has to take before she could see what her options are and her decision to give her life and her son’s in favor of the Black community, captures a cruel reality, the author wanted to represent, of black women in particular, and the black community in general, in their effort to escape from the hardships the white men had submitted them to. In this way we can say that Sue succeeded to surpass her condition as a black mother and woman, and became a defender of a community, but with a price: stepping over the love of a mother for her son and sacrificing him for the sake of the rest. Works cited: * Richard Wright, Early Works. NY: Library of America, 1991,’ Bright and Morning Star’; * Felgar, Robert. Student Companions to Classic Writers: Student Companions to Richard Wright. Westport: Greenwood Press, Inc., 2000. * Kilinski, April Conley, Flinging a New Star: â€Å"Fire and Cloud† and â€Å"Bright and Morning Star† as Reflections of Richard Wright’s Changing Relationship with Communism. Epiphany: Vol. 5, No. 1, 2012.

The Expanding Environment for Non Traditional Students

Non Traditional Students According to current estimates approximately 75 percent of college students are now nontraditional students – older than 25, attending school part time, and having delayed entry or reentry into college for a variety of personal reasons. Post secondary education is needed by such students to develop their careers and to acquire knowledge and skills required by a constantly changing global society. This trend is not restricted to North America; it is a worldwide phenomenon. Over the years, these nontraditionals have chosen either slower or faster options to proceed through their chosen curricula. They could work incrementally, taking a few courses per year while taking advantage of workplace tuition reimbursement†¦show more content†¦Then, teachers must reach goals using diverse methods and techniques which engage the student and make the learning process interesting. Though methods vary, a problem or task centered approach is generally considered superior to a subject matter approach. Students and professors may work together to co-create knowledge. Work in teams is an often used strategy because it replicates the experiences of nontraditional students in the workplace. Additionally, teachers work to reduce time and place restrictions for the nontraditional student that would limit that person’s access to course materials and assignments; asynchronous online options easily break down such barriers. Furthermore, flexible access to student services has become more common over time. Clearer and more accessible information now exists on institutions and the specific programs needed for planning degrees and careers. Programs for nontraditional learners provide orientation workshops to reacquaint applicants with the rigors of college level study, and to reduce anxiety about reentry after a prolonged period of time. Some of these programs offer remedial classes to help the student re-learn or improve study skills. The availability of financial aid information has improved greatly over time. Critics contend that the influx of nontraditionals into the college student market has accelerated a trend towardShow MoreRelatedEssay On Charter School1735 Words   |  7 Pagestheir idea for student evaluation and student one-on-one development is important to focus on. Referring back to Edwards Middle school, which is a public school, who are creating reforms that follow these guidelines have seen tremendous improvement in their students’ academic test scores. Edwards is not the only ones who are implementing these innovative practices in the public school environment. 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